How does AI affect cognitive load?
AI tools can increase cognitive load through three primary mechanisms: context-switching costs (interruption research has found refocus windows around 23 minutes), attention residue (unfinished AI tasks can keep occupying working memory after switching), and verification fatigue (evaluating AI outputs demands sustained analytical effort). Microsoft research found 68% of workers feel overwhelmed by the pace of AI-driven work.
Cognitive load from AI tools can compound throughout the day. Warm et al. (2008) showed that sustained vigilance tasks, such as reviewing AI-generated content, can deplete cognitive resources over time. Combined with circadian rhythm effects, afternoon AI work may carry higher error risk than morning sessions for many people.
Source: Gloria Mark, UC Irvine (CHI); Microsoft Work Trend Index 2025; Warm et al. 2008
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